Upland birchwoods are found across the Scottish Highlands and are dominated by downy and silver birch. As a pioneer species, birch can grow in and improve some of the most nutrient-poor upland soils, allowing other species that require more fertile soils to establish, such as aspen, cherry, rowan and juniper. Due to its open canopy, a diverse understorey can develop, which can include plants such as heathers, blaeberry, dog-violet and primrose.

This woodland can establish quickly in upland moorland once grazing pressures are low enough and in areas of no burning. It provides a diverse habitat for animals such as black grouse, ring ouzel, wildcat, pine martens and pearl-bordered fritillary butterflies.